Bibliographie et Sources

Note méthodologique

Les recherches documentaires pour cette série d'essais ont été conduites à l'aide de l'outil Perplexity AI en décembre 2025. Les sources ont été systématiquement vérifiées et croisées. Ce document présente l'ensemble des références utilisées, organisées par région géographique et classées selon leur nature : ouvrages académiques, articles scientifiques et de presse, et ressources en ligne.

I. Afrique

A. Tombouctou et l'Université de Sankoré

Articles et sites spécialisés

[The University of Sankore, Timbuktu](https://muslimheritage.com/the-university-of-sankore-timbuktu/) — Muslim Heritage

[Sankore Mosque and University (c. 1100)](https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/institutions-global-african-history/sankore-mosque-and-university-c-1100/) — BlackPast.org

[The University of Sankore: The Center of Higher Learning that Made Africa a Shining Star in the Middle Ages](https://face2faceafrica.com/article/the-university-of-sankore-the-center-of-higher-learning-that-made-africa-a-shining-star-in-the-middle-ages) — Face2Face Africa

B. Les Manuscrits de Tombouctou

Encyclopédies en ligne

[Timbuktu Manuscripts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu_Manuscripts) — Wikipedia

Articles et sites spécialisés

[Mathematical Manuscripts from Timbuktu](https://fiveable.me/key-terms/africa-before-1800/mathematical-manuscripts-from-timbuktu) — Fiveable

[The Role of Mathematics in the Peace and Manuscripts of Timbuktu](https://artsandculture.google.com/story/the-role-of-mathematics-in-the-peace-and-manuscripts-of-timbuktu-savama-dci/wwVx4N9bpjVxTA) — Google Arts & Culture / SAVAMA-DCI

Ressources institutionnelles

[Ancient Manuscripts from the Desert Libraries of Timbuktu](https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/mali/mali-exhibit.html) — Library of Congress

C. Système Ifá et géomancie

Ressources institutionnelles

[Ifa Divination System](https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/ifa-divination-system-00146) — UNESCO — Patrimoine culturel immatériel, 2005

Encyclopédies en ligne

[Ifá](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If%C3%A1) — Wikipedia

[Geomancy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomancy) — Wikipedia

[Arabic Geomancy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_geomancy) — Wikipedia

Articles scientifiques

[A Study of Divination and Mathematics through Geomancy (Ilm al-raml)](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0972558X20975648) — SAGE Journals

Articles et sites spécialisés

[Ifá Divination](https://www.historytoday.com/archive/foundations/ifa-divination) — History Today

[Initiation: African Fractals and Sand Divination](https://otove.wordpress.com/2012/05/24/initiation-african-fractals-and-sand-divination/) — Ron Eglash, Otove

D. Les Griots

Encyclopédies en ligne

[Griot](https://www.britannica.com/art/griot) — Encyclopaedia Britannica

Articles et sites spécialisés

[How Griots Keep West Africa's Stories Alive](https://www.culturesofwestafrica.com/how-griots-keep-west-africas-stories-alive/) — Cultures of West Africa

[Griots Were the Primary Keepers of Oral Tradition](https://leoafricainstitute.org/blog/griots-were-the-primary-keepers-of-oral-tradition-/) — LéO Africa Institute

E. Ibn Khaldoun

Encyclopédies en ligne

[Ibn Khaldun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun) — Wikipedia

[Ibn Khaldun](https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ibn-Khaldun) — Encyclopaedia Britannica

Articles et sites spécialisés

[Ibn Khaldun: The 14th-Century Genius](https://www.dailysabah.com/portrait/2017/03/04/ibn-khaldun-the-14th-century-genius) — Daily Sabah, 4 mars 2017

F. Éthiopie médiévale et manuscrits Ge'ez

Articles scientifiques

[The Role of Ge'ez in Shaping Ethiopian Intellectual Traditions](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/397372006_The_Role_of_Ge'ez_in_Shaping_Ethiopian_Intellectual_Traditions) — ResearchGate, 2024

Articles et sites spécialisés

[Between the Sun and Moon: Ethiopian Astronomy](https://hmml.org/stories/series-celestial-between-the-sun-and-moon/) — HMML (Hill Museum & Manuscript Library)

[The Intellectual History of Ethiopia](https://www.africanhistoryextra.com/p/the-intellectual-history-of-ethiopia) — African History Extra

G. Les Chiffres de Fès et mathématiques maghrébines

Articles et sites spécialisés

[Mathematics in the Medieval Maghrib: General Survey on Mathematical Activities in North Africa](https://muslimheritage.com/mathematics-in-the-medieval-maghrib-general-survey-on-mathematical-activities-in-north-africa/) — Muslim Heritage

Articles scientifiques

[On Mathematical Activities in North Africa Since the 9th Century](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/293107783_On_mathematical_activities_in_North_Africa_since_the_9th_century) — ResearchGate

[Algebraic Symbolism in the Medieval Maghrib](https://philarchive.org/archive/OAKASI-2) — PhilArchive

H. Transmission des savoirs

Encyclopédies en ligne

[Islamic World Contributions to Medieval Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_world_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe) — Wikipedia

Articles et sites spécialisés

[Transmission of Arabic Science to Europe](https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/transmission-arabic-science-europe) — Encyclopedia.com

[AMUCHMA Newsletter](https://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/AMU/amu_chma_15.html) — University at Buffalo — Mathematics Department

II. Amériques

A. Mathématiques et astronomie Maya/Aztèque

Articles et sites spécialisés

[Mesoamerican Math and Calendars (300-1600)](https://sites.usnh.edu/hoslac/mesoamerican-math-and-calendars-300-1600/) — History of Science in Latin America — USNH

[Complex Maya Computations](https://dda.ndus.edu/ddreview/complex-maya-computations/) — Dakota Digital Review

[Mayan Mathematics](https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/HistTopics/Mayan_mathematics/) — MacTutor History of Mathematics — University of St Andrews

[Maya Number System](https://planetarchaeology.co.uk/maya-number-system/) — Planet Archaeology

B. Codex de Dresde et algorithmes d'éclipse

Encyclopédies en ligne

[Dresden Codex](https://www.britannica.com/topic/Dresden-Codex) — Encyclopaedia Britannica

Articles scientifiques

[Ancient Mayan Astronomers Perfected a 700-Year System for Eclipse Prediction](https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adt9039) — Science Advances, 2024

Articles et sites spécialisés

[Ancient Mayan Astronomers Perfected a 700-Year System for Eclipse Prediction](https://thedebrief.org/ancient-mayan-astronomers-perfected-a-700-year-system-for-eclipse-prediction-new-study-reveals/) — The Debrief

[Maya 260-Day Calendar Provides Key to Solar Eclipse Predictions](https://skyandtelescope.org/astronomy-news/maya-260-day-calendar-provides-key-to-solar-eclipse-predictions/) — Sky & Telescope

[Dresden Maya Codex: Content](https://www.slub-dresden.de/en/explore/manuscripts/the-dresden-maya-codex/content) — SLUB Dresden

C. El Caracol — Observatoire de Chichén Itzá

Encyclopédies en ligne

[El Caracol, Chichen Itza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Caracol,_Chichen_Itza) — Wikipedia

Articles et sites spécialisés

[Chichen Itza Observatory](https://www.odigootravel.com/travel-blog/cancun/ecotourism/chichen-itza-wonder-of-the-world/the-observatory) — Odigoo Travel

[Chichen Itza](https://science.nasa.gov/earth/earth-observatory/chichen-itza-5349/) — NASA Science — Earth Observatory

[Maya Agro-Astronomy](https://www.ancient-origins.net/articles/maya-agro-astronomy) — Ancient Origins

D. Le Quipu Inca

Encyclopédies en ligne

[Quipu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quipu) — Wikipedia

[Quipu](https://www.worldhistory.org/Quipu/) — World History Encyclopedia

[Quipu](https://www.britannica.com/technology/quipu) — Encyclopaedia Britannica

Articles et sites spécialisés

[Inca Mathematics](https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/HistTopics/Inca_mathematics/) — MacTutor History of Mathematics — University of St Andrews

[Long Before There Was Quipu: Accounting Systems of Incan and Andean Peoples](https://library.harvard.edu/about/news/2023-04-12/long-w-2-there-was-quipu-accounting-systems-incan-and-andean-peoples) — Harvard Library

[Quipu: Inca Writing System](https://www.historyskills.com/classroom/year-8/quipu/) — History Skills

E. Le Yupana — Calculateur andin

Encyclopédies en ligne

[Yupana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yupana) — Wikipedia

[Mathematics of the Incas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics_of_the_Incas) — Wikipedia

Articles et sites spécialisés

[The Unconquered Mathematics of the Inca](https://thinkspace.fairfield.edu/post/782950402684502016/the-unconquered-mathematics-of-the-inca) — Fairfield University — ThinkSpace

[Incan Khipu and Yupana](https://kartsci.org/kocomu/computer-history/incan-khipu/) — KASS (Knowledge And Social Systems)

F. Système Ceque de Cusco

Encyclopédies en ligne

[Ceque System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceque_system) — Wikipedia

Articles scientifiques

[Ceque System of Cuzco](https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-1-4614-6141-8_80) — Springer — Encyclopedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures

Ouvrages

BAUER, Brian. The Sacred Landscape of the Inca: The Cusco Ceque System. Austin : [University of Texas Press](https://utpress.utexas.edu/9780292729018/), 1998.

Articles et sites spécialisés

[Sacred Politics: Inca Huacas for Political and Social Organization](https://brewminate.com/sacred-politics-inca-huacas-for-political-and-social-organization/) — Brewminate

G. Woodhenge de Cahokia

Encyclopédies en ligne

[Cahokia Woodhenge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahokia_Woodhenge) — Wikipedia

[Cahokia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahokia) — Wikipedia

[Cahokia](https://www.worldhistory.org/cahokia/) — World History Encyclopedia

Articles et sites spécialisés

[The Skywatchers of Cahokia](https://www.mexicolore.co.uk/aztecs/home/skywatchers-of-cahokia) — Mexicolore

H. Nepohualtzintzin — Abaque aztèque

Encyclopédies en ligne

[Abacus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abacus) — Wikipedia

[Abacus](https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Abacus) — New World Encyclopedia

Articles et sites spécialisés

[The Mesoamerican Abacus That Gives Modern Calculators a Run for Their Money](https://globalvoices.org/2015/09/04/the-mesoamerican-abacus-that-gives-modern-calculators-a-run-for-their-money/) — Global Voices, 4 septembre 2015

[Mathematics of the Aztecs](https://www.mexicolore.co.uk/aztecs/writing/aztec-mathematics) — Mexicolore

I. Calmecac et transmission du savoir

Encyclopédies en ligne

[Calmecac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calmecac) — Wikipedia

[Maya Codices](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_codices) — Wikipedia

Articles et sites spécialisés

[Aztec Schools](https://www.mexicolore.co.uk/aztecs/kids/aztec-schools) — Mexicolore

[Aztec Education at Home and School](https://www.historyonthenet.com/aztec-education-at-home-and-school) — History on the Net

[Aztec Education and Knowledge: How They Shaped Their Society](https://ancientpedia.com/aztec-education-and-knowledge-how-they-shaped-their-society/) — Ancientpedia

[Maya Scribes: The Keepers of Knowledge](https://www.mexicohistorico.com/paginas/Maya-Scribes--The-Keepers-of-Knowledge.html) — Mexico Historico

Articles scientifiques

[Scribal Interaction and the Transmission of Knowledge](https://read.dukeupress.edu/ethnohistory/article-abstract/62/3/445/9245/Scribal-Interaction-and-the-Transmission-of) — Duke University Press — Ethnohistory, vol. 62, n° 3, 2015

Ouvrages

Códice Maya de México: Understanding the Oldest Surviving Book of the Americas. Los Angeles : [Getty Publications](https://shop.getty.edu/products/codice-maya-de-mexico-understanding-the-oldest-surviving-book-of-the-americas-978-1606067888), 2022.

III. Asie

A. Yi Xing et l'échappement horloger (725)

Encyclopédies en ligne

[Yi Xing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yi_Xing) — Wikipedia

[Science and Technology of the Tang Dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_of_the_Tang_dynasty) — Wikipedia

[Escapement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escapement) — Wikipedia

B. Tour horloge astronomique de Su Song (1088)

Encyclopédies en ligne

[Su Song](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su_Song) — Wikipedia

[Su Song](https://www.techno-science.net/glossaire-definition/Su-Song.html) — Techno-Science

Articles et sites spécialisés

[Su Song and the Water-Driven Astronomical Clock Tower](https://hk.space.museum/en/web/spm/resources/curators-blog/2020/12/su-song-and-the-water-driven-astronomical-clock-tower.html) — Hong Kong Space Museum

[Past Masters: The Astronomical Water Clock of Su Song](https://revolutionwatch.com/past-masters-the-astronomical-water-clock-of-su-song/) — Revolution Watch

Ressources institutionnelles

[Scale Model of Su Song's Water-Balance Escapement](https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co894/scale-model-of-su-sungs-water-balance-escapement-mock-up-escapement-historical-model) — Science Museum Group Collection

C. Chariot pointant le sud et engrenage différentiel

Encyclopédies en ligne

[South-Pointing Chariot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South-pointing_chariot) — Wikipedia

[Ma Jun (Mechanical Engineer)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Jun_(mechanical_engineer)) — Wikipedia

[Odometer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odometer) — Wikipedia

Articles et sites spécialisés

[South-Pointing Chariot](https://www.historytools.org/inventions/south-pointing-chariot) — History Tools

D. Automates de la dynastie Tang

Encyclopédies en ligne

[Science and Technology of the Tang Dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_of_the_Tang_dynasty) — Wikipedia

Articles et sites spécialisés

[History of Robotic Fantasies in Ancient China](https://www.theworldofchinese.com/2025/04/history-of-robotic-fantasies-in-ancient-china/) — The World of Chinese, avril 2025

E. Bi Sheng et l'imprimerie à caractères mobiles (1040)

Encyclopédies en ligne

[Bi Sheng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi_Sheng) — Wikipedia

[Dream Pool Essays](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_Pool_Essays) — Wikipedia

[Movable Type](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movable_type) — Wikipedia

F. Impression à caractères métalliques en Corée (Goryeo)

Encyclopédies en ligne

[Jikji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jikji) — Wikipedia

Ressources institutionnelles

[The Invention of Movable Metal Type: Goryeo Technology and Wisdom](https://artsandculture.google.com/story/the-invention-of-movable-metal-type-goryeo-technology-and-wisdom-cheongju-early-printing-museum/zgXxwilonG6kIg) — Google Arts & Culture / Cheongju Early Printing Museum

Articles et sites spécialisés

[Korean Metal Printing Press](https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20211014000753) — The Korea Herald, 14 octobre 2021

G. Shen Kuo et les Essais du bassin des rêves (1088)

Encyclopédies en ligne

[Shen Kuo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shen_Kuo) — Wikipedia

[Dream Pool Essays](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_Pool_Essays) — Wikipedia

Articles et sites spécialisés

[Shen Kuo: First Renaissance Man](https://www.aaas.org/taxonomy/term/10/shen-kuo-first-renaissance-man) — AAAS

H. Mathématiques chinoises : Yang Hui et Zhu Shijie

Encyclopédies en ligne

[Yang Hui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_Hui) — Wikipedia

[Zhu Shijie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Shijie) — Wikipedia

[Yang Hui](https://www.britannica.com/biography/Yang-Hui) — Encyclopaedia Britannica

[Zhu Shijie](https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zhu-Shijie) — Encyclopaedia Britannica

Articles et sites spécialisés

[Yang Hui](https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Yang_Hui/) — MacTutor History of Mathematics — University of St Andrews

[Zhu Shijie](https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Zhu_Shijie/) — MacTutor History of Mathematics — University of St Andrews

I. École du Kerala et séries infinies (XIVe siècle)

Encyclopédies en ligne

[Madhava of Sangamagrama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhava_of_Sangamagrama) — Wikipedia

[The School of Madhava in Kerala](https://www.britannica.com/science/Indian-mathematics/The-school-of-Madhava-in-Kerala) — Encyclopaedia Britannica

Articles et sites spécialisés

[Move Over, Newton: Medieval Indian Scholars Were First to Identify Infinite Series](https://maa.org/news/math-news/move-over-newton-medieval-indian-scholars-were-first-to-identify-infinite-series) — MAA (Mathematical Association of America)

J. Observatoire d'Ulugh Beg à Samarcande (1424-1429)

Encyclopédies en ligne

[Ulugh Beg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulugh_Beg) — Wikipedia

Articles et sites spécialisés

[Ulugh Beg: Ancient Astronomer](https://www.perthobservatory.com.au/ancient-astronomers/ulugh-beg) — Perth Observatory

[Zij-i Sultani: Introduction](https://web.stanford.edu/~fparviz/introduction.html) — Stanford University

K. Karakuri japonais — Origines médiévales

Encyclopédies en ligne

[Karakuri Puppet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakuri_puppet) — Wikipedia

[Japanese Clock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_clock) — Wikipedia

Articles et sites spécialisés

[Karakuri](https://www.japanesewiki.com/culture/Karakuri) — Japanese Wiki Corpus

[Karakuri Ningyō](https://www.nippon.com/en/views/b00907/) — Nippon.com

[Wadokei: Japanese Traditional Clocks](https://www.jcwa.or.jp/en/etc/wadokei.html) — JCWA (Japan Clock and Watch Association)

L. Transmission des savoirs sur la Route de la Soie

Ressources institutionnelles

[About the Silk Roads](https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/about-silk-roads) — UNESCO

[Silk Roads: Exchange and Development of Medical Sciences](https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/content/did-you-know-silk-roads-exchange-and-development-medical-sciences) — UNESCO

Articles et sites spécialisés

[The Silk Road as a Vehicle for Civilizations: How the Transfer of Chinese Papermaking to the Islamic World Revolutionized Global Science and Culture](https://brixsweden.org/the-silk-road-as-a-vehicle-for-civilizations-how-the-transfer-of-chinese-papermaking-to-the-islamic-world-revolutionized-global-science-and-culture/) — Belt & Road Institute in Sweden

M. Al-Jazari et l'influence asiatique

Encyclopédies en ligne

[Ismail al-Jazari](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_al-Jazari) — Wikipedia

Articles et sites spécialisés

[Islamic Automation: Al-Jazari's Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices](https://muslimheritage.com/islamic-automation-al-jazaris-book-of-knowledge-of-ingenious-mechanical-devices/) — Muslim Heritage

[Ismail al-Jazari: Muslim Inventor Called 'Father of Robotics'](https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/history-magazine/article/ismail-al-jazari-muslim-inventor-called-father-robotics) — National Geographic — History Magazine

IV. Europe

A. Ramon Llull et l'Ars Magna (XIIIe siècle)

Encyclopédies en ligne

[Ramon Llull](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramon_Llull) — Wikipedia

Articles scientifiques

SIERRA, Carles. [From Ars Magna to Artificial Intelligence](https://www.iiia.csic.es/~sierra/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Llull.pdf) — IIIA-CSIC, 2019

Articles et sites spécialisés

[A Medieval Philosopher's Approach to Artificial Intelligence](https://aleteia.org/2023/06/14/a-medieval-philosophers-approach-to-artificial-intelligence) — Aleteia, 14 juin 2023

B. La légende des têtes parlantes (Têtes d'airain)

Encyclopédies en ligne

[Brazen Head](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazen_head) — Wikipedia

Articles et sites spécialisés

[Brazen Heads: The Curious Legend Behind Fortune-Telling Automata](https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/502537/brazen-heads-curious-legend-behind-fortune-telling-automata) — Mental Floss

[Secrets in Bronze: The Brazen Head and the Medieval Dream of Artificial Speech](https://brewminate.com/secrets-in-bronze-the-brazen-head-and-the-medieval-dream-of-artificial-speech/) — Brewminate

C. Horloges mécaniques et automates de cathédrale

Encyclopédies en ligne

[Astronomical Clock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_clock) — Wikipedia

[Strasbourg Astronomical Clock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strasbourg_astronomical_clock) — Wikipedia

Articles et sites spécialisés

[Medieval Mechanical Clock](https://www.medievalchronicles.com/medieval-history/medieval-inventions-list/mechanical-clock/) — Medieval Chronicles

D. Richard de Wallingford et l'horloge de St Albans (1327-1336)

Encyclopédies en ligne

[Richard of Wallingford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_of_Wallingford) — Wikipedia

Articles et sites spécialisés

[Astronomical Clock of Richard of Wallingford (d. 1336)](https://www.cabinet.ox.ac.uk/astronomical-clock-richard-wallingford-d-1336) — Oxford Cabinet

[The Wallingford Clock](https://www.nicholaswhyte.info/row.htm) — Nicholas Whyte

E. Giovanni Dondi et l'Astrarium (1348-1364)

Encyclopédies en ligne

[Astrarium of Giovanni Dondi dall'Orologio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrarium_of_Giovanni_Dondi_dall%27Orologio) — Wikipedia

Articles et sites spécialisés

[Dondi's Astrarium](https://artsandculture.google.com/story/0gURs225ZTyrJA) — Google Arts & Culture

[Giovanni Dondi](https://www.lindahall.org/about/news/scientist-of-the-day/giovanni-dondi/) — Linda Hall Library — Scientist of the Day

F. Scolastique et universités médiévales

Encyclopédies en ligne

[Scholasticism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholasticism) — Wikipedia

[Scholasticism](https://www.encyclopedia.com/philosophy-and-religion/philosophy/philosophy-terms-and-concepts/scholasticism) — Encyclopedia.com

Articles et sites spécialisés

[Medieval European Universities and Scholasticism](https://fiveable.me/history-science/unit-2/medieval-european-universities-scholasticism/study-guide/no0rXZzMhP0OLYWz) — Fiveable

G. Guillaume d'Ockham et le rasoir d'Ockham (XIVe siècle)

Encyclopédies en ligne

[William of Ockham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_of_Ockham) — Wikipedia

[William of Ockham](https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ockham/) — Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

[William of Ockham](https://iep.utm.edu/ockham/) — Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy

H. Fibonacci et le Liber Abaci (1202)

Encyclopédies en ligne

[Liber Abaci](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liber_Abaci) — Wikipedia

[Fibonacci](https://www.britannica.com/biography/Fibonacci) — Encyclopaedia Britannica

Articles et sites spécialisés

[Fibonacci and the Liber Abaci](https://historyofinformation.com/detail.php?entryid=278) — History of Information

I. École de traduction de Tolède (XIIe siècle)

Encyclopédies en ligne

[Toledo School of Translators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo_School_of_Translators) — Wikipedia

[Gerard of Cremona](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_of_Cremona) — Wikipedia

[Latin Translations of the 12th Century](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century) — Wikipedia

J. Roger Bacon et la science expérimentale (XIIIe siècle)

Encyclopédies en ligne

[Roger Bacon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bacon) — Wikipedia

[Roger Bacon](https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/roger-bacon/) — Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

Articles scientifiques

[Roger Bacon and Experimental Science](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3705416/) — PMC (PubMed Central)

K. Robert Grosseteste et l'optique (XIIIe siècle)

Encyclopédies en ligne

[Robert Grosseteste](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste) — Wikipedia

[Robert Grosseteste](https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Robert_Grosseteste) — New World Encyclopedia

Articles et sites spécialisés

[Robert Grosseteste](https://www.lindahall.org/about/news/scientist-of-the-day/robert-grosseteste/) — Linda Hall Library — Scientist of the Day

L. Jean Buridan et la théorie de l'impetus (XIVe siècle)

Encyclopédies en ligne

[Jean Buridan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Buridan) — Wikipedia

[Theory of Impetus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_impetus) — Wikipedia

[Jean Buridan](https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/buridan/) — Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

M. Scriptoria monastiques

Encyclopédies en ligne

[Scriptorium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scriptorium) — Wikipedia

[Scriptorium](https://www.britannica.com/art/scriptorium) — Encyclopaedia Britannica

Articles et sites spécialisés

[Medieval Book Production and Monastic Life](https://sites.dartmouth.edu/ancientbooks/2016/05/24/medieval-book-production-and-monastic-life/) — Dartmouth Ancient Books Lab

V. Moyen-Orient

A. Al-Khwarizmi et l'invention des algorithmes (780-850)

Encyclopédies en ligne

[Al-Khwârizmî](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Khwârizmî) — Wikipédia

Articles et sites spécialisés

[Al-Khwarizmi, père de l'algèbre](https://oumma.com/al-khwarizmi-pere-de-lalgebre-1-2/) — Oumma

[Les premiers algorithmes ont transformé le monde](https://www.futura-sciences.com/sciences/actualites/histoire-si-vous-lisez-ceci-cest-grace-eux-premiers-algorithmes-ont-transforme-monde-122199/) — Futura Sciences

[Mathématiciens arabes et algèbre](https://sherpas.com/p/histoire/mathematiciens-arabes-algebre.html) — Sherpas

B. Al-Jazari et les automates programmables (1136-1206)

Articles et sites spécialisés

[Ismail al-Jazari: Muslim Inventor Called 'Father of Robotics'](https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/history-magazine/article/ismail-al-jazari-muslim-inventor-called-father-robotics) — National Geographic — History Magazine

[Al-Jazari: Father of Robotics](https://www.muslimaid.org/get-involved/the-islamic-golden-age/al-jazari/) — Muslim Aid

[Robots médiévaux : les merveilles mécaniques d'Al-Jazari ressuscitées à Istanbul](https://www.middleeasteye.net/fr/reportages/robots-medievaux-les-merveilles-mecaniques-dal-jazari-ressuscitees-istanbul) — Middle East Eye

[Les oubliettes des sciences — Chapitre 2 : De beaux robots médiévaux](https://www.techniques-ingenieur.fr/actualite/articles/les-oubliettes-des-sciences-chapitre-2-de-beaux-robots-medievaux-98717/) — Techniques de l'Ingénieur

C. Les frères Banu Musa et les dispositifs ingénieux (IXe siècle)

Encyclopédies en ligne

[Banū Mūsā Brothers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banū_Mūsā_brothers) — Wikipedia

[Book of Ingenious Devices](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Ingenious_Devices) — Wikipedia

Articles et sites spécialisés

[3 Brothers From Baghdad Built a Flute-Playing Robot in the 9th Century](https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/book-of-ingenious-devices) — Atlas Obscura

[The Mechanics of Banu Musa in the Light of Modern System and Control Engineering](https://muslimheritage.com/the-mechanics-of-banu-musa-in-the-light-of-modern-system-and-control-engineering/) — Muslim Heritage

D. Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) et la méthode scientifique (965-1040)

Encyclopédies en ligne

[Alhazen](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhazen) — Wikipédia

[Traité d'optique](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_d'optique) — Wikipédia

Articles et sites spécialisés

[Ibn al-Haytham's Book of Optics: A Revolution in the Science of Vision in the 11th Century](https://cognition.ens.fr/en/news/ibn-al-haythams-book-optics-revolution-science-vision-11th-century-14892) — ENS Cognition

[Ibn al-Haytham et l'optique](https://d-meeus.be/physique/Al-Haytham-optique-science.pdf) — Jean Pestieau

E. Al-Kindi et l'invention de la cryptanalyse (801-873)

Encyclopédies en ligne

[Analyse fréquentielle](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analyse_fr%C3%A9quentielle) — Wikipédia

Articles et sites spécialisés

[La cryptanalyse découverte par les Arabes](https://rm3a.fr/la-cryptanalyse-decouverte-par-les-arabes/) — RM3A

[Cryptanalyse d'Al-Kindi](https://samuelgallay.github.io/CryptoTPE/al-kindi/) — Samuel Gallay

Articles scientifiques

[Islamic Golden Era Scholars' Contributions to Artificial Intelligence: An Inclusive Historical Perspective](https://communities.springernature.com/posts/islamic-golden-era-scholars-contributions-to-artificial-intelligence-an-inclusive-historical-perspective) — Springer Nature Communities

F. Avicenne (Ibn Sina) et la cognition (980-1037)

Articles et sites spécialisés

[Avicenne : la félicité et la vie après la mort](https://www.philosophes.org/philosophies/moyen-age/islamique/avicenne-la-felicite-et-la-vie-apres-la-mort/) — Philosophes.org

[Avicenne et Averroès](https://adapt.snes.edu/catalogue/la-grande-collection/des-sciences-des-hommes-des-concepts/Avicenne-et-Averroes) — SNES — ADAPT

G. Averroès (Ibn Rushd) et la logique formelle (1126-1198)

Encyclopédies en ligne

[Averroès](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averro%C3%A8s) — Wikipédia

Articles et sites spécialisés

[Averroès : la théorie de la connaissance](https://www.philosophes.org/philosophies/moyen-age/islamique/averroes-la-theorie-de-la-connaissance/) — Philosophes.org

[Averroès et al-Ghazâlî : une controverse](https://www.lesclesdumoyenorient.com/Averroes-et-al-Ghazali-une.html) — Les Clés du Moyen-Orient

[Ibn Rochd (Averroès) : l'homme de tous les savoirs](https://oumma.com/ibn-rochd-averroes-lhomme-de-tous-les-savoirs/) — Oumma

H. La Maison de la Sagesse (Bayt al-Hikma)

Encyclopédies en ligne

[Maison de la sagesse](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maison_de_la_sagesse) — Wikipédia

[Bayt al-Hikma](https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/bayt-al-hikma/) — Encyclopædia Universalis

Articles et sites spécialisés

[Irak : la Maison de la Sagesse, centre intellectuel du monde](https://www.middleeasteye.net/fr/actu-et-enquetes/irak-bagdad-maison-sagesse-bibliotheque-savoir-orient-civilisation-islamique) — Middle East Eye

[La Maison de la Sagesse de Bagdad](https://sherpas.com/p/histoire/maison-sagesse-bagdad.html) — Sherpas

I. Transmission vers l'Europe médiévale

Encyclopédies en ligne

[Islamic World Contributions to Medieval Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_world_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe) — Wikipedia

Articles et sites spécialisés

[Transmission of Arabic Science to Europe](https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/transmission-arabic-science-europe) — Encyclopedia.com

[The Islamic Golden Age](https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-hccc-worldcivilization/chapter/the-islamic-golden-age/) — Lumen Learning

VI. Océanie

A. Navigation par les vagues et cartes à bâtons (Îles Marshall)

Encyclopédies en ligne

[Marshall Islands Stick Chart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Islands_stick_chart) — Wikipedia

[Polynesian Navigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesian_navigation) — Wikipedia

Articles et sites spécialisés

[Navigation Chart, Marshall Islands](https://smarthistory.org/chart-marshall/) — Smarthistory

[Stick Chart Marshall Islands](https://www.sapiens.org/culture/stick-chart-marshall-islands/) — SAPIENS

B. Traditions orales et systèmes de mémoire polynésiens

Articles et sites spécialisés

[Oral Genealogies in the Pacific Islands](https://rsc.byu.edu/regional-studies-latter-day-saint-church-history-pacific-isles/oral-genealogies-pacific-islands) — BYU Religious Studies Center

[Polynesian History and Traditions](https://www.pbs.org/wayfinders/polynesian4.html) — PBS Wayfinders

[Polynesian Creation Narratives](https://library.fiveable.me/myth-and-literature/unit-1/polynesian-creation-narratives/study-guide/OBi4K5bXiylKHU9Q) — Fiveable

C. Astronomie māori et calendrier Maramataka

Articles et sites spécialisés

[Revitalising Māori Astronomy](https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/1274-revitalising-maori-astronomy) — Science Learning Hub

[Māori Astronomy](https://astronz.nz/pages/maori-astronomy) — Astronz

[The Star Compass (Kāpehu Whetū)](https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/622-the-star-compass-kapehu-whetu) — Science Learning Hub

[Maramataka](https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/3257-maramataka) — Science Learning Hub

D. Songlines aborigènes australiennes

Encyclopédies en ligne

[Songline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songline) — Wikipedia

Articles scientifiques

[Contributions from Aboriginal Australian Psychology: Songlines, Memory and Relational Knowledge Systems](https://pacja.org.au/article/143975-contributions-from-aboriginal-australian-psychology-songlines-memory-and-relational-knowledge-systems) — PACJA

[Australian Aboriginal Memory Techniques](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?type=printable&id=10.1371/journal.pone.0251710) — PLOS ONE

[Songlines and Navigation in Wardaman and Other Australian Aboriginal Cultures](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261512575_Songlines_and_Navigation_in_Wardaman_and_other_Australian_Aboriginal_Cultures) — ResearchGate

E. Technologie des pirogues à double coque

Articles et sites spécialisés

[Polynesian Navigation and Settlement of the Pacific](https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1586/polynesian-navigation--settlement-of-the-pacific/) — World History Encyclopedia

[Sailing Performance of Ancient Polynesian Canoes](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/arco.5277) — Wiley — Archaeology in Oceania

[Double-Hulled Canoes: Polynesian Voyaging Legacy](https://www.airkayaks.com/double-hulled-canoes-polynesian-voyaging-legacy/) — Airkayaks

Articles scientifiques

[East Polynesian Voyaging Canoe, New Zealand](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1408491111) — PNAS, 2014

F. Hula hawaïen et chants mele

Articles et sites spécialisés

[Mele](https://kumukahi.org/units/na-kanaka/kaaike/mele) — Kumukahi

[Traditional Hawaiian Hula Dance: History, Chants, and Cultural Preservation](https://www.momentslog.com/culture/traditional-hawaiian-hula-dance-history-chants-and-cultural-preservation) — Moments Log

[Hula's Hidden Language: Understanding the Stories Told Through Hawaiian Dance](https://islandhopperguides.com/hawaii/hawaiian-culture/hulas-hidden-language-understanding-the-stories-told-through-hawaiian-dance/) — Island Hopper Guides

Ressources institutionnelles

[Hawaiian Chants and Mele Manuscript Collection](https://ags.hawaii.gov/archives/online-exhibitions/hawaiian-chants-and-mele-manuscript-collection/) — Hawaii State Archives

G. Rongorongo de l'Île de Pâques (Rapa Nui)

Encyclopédies en ligne

[Rongorongo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rongorongo) — Wikipedia

[Decipherment of Rongorongo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decipherment_of_rongorongo) — Wikipedia

Articles scientifiques

[Radiocarbon Dates on Rongorongo](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-53063-7) — Nature — Scientific Reports, 2024

Articles et sites spécialisés

[Research Reveals the Natives of Easter Island Invented a Written Language from Scratch](https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/research-reveals-the-natives-of-easter-island-invented-a-written-language-from-scratch-180983793/) — Smithsonian Magazine

H. Whakapapa : système de connaissance relationnelle māori

Encyclopédies en ligne

[Whakapapa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whakapapa) — Wikipedia

Articles et sites spécialisés

[What Is Whakapapa?](https://teara.govt.nz/en/whakapapa-genealogy/page-1) — Te Ara — The Encyclopedia of New Zealand

Articles scientifiques

[A Brief History of Whakapapa](https://www.mdpi.com/2313-5778/3/2/32) — MDPI — Genealogy, vol. 3, n° 2, 2019

[Whakapapa as Chronological Networks](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/arcm.13074) — Archaeometry, 2024

I. Prédiction environnementale et météorologique traditionnelle

Articles scientifiques

[Indigenous Knowledge and Weather Forecasting in the Pacific](https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/wcas/6/4/wcas-d-13-00053_1.xml) — American Meteorological Society — Weather, Climate, and Society, vol. 6, n° 4, 2014

[Traditional Knowledge for Climate Resilience in the Pacific Islands](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378824037_Traditional_knowledge_for_climate_resilience_in_the_Pacific_Islands) — ResearchGate, 2024

[Traditional Knowledge and Climate Change in Pacific Islands](https://wires.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wcc.882) — WIREs Climate Change, 2023

Articles et sites spécialisés

[Here Is How Traditional Knowledge in Vanuatu Helps Predict Extreme Weather](https://www.preventionweb.net/news/here-how-traditional-knowledge-vanuatu-helps-predict-extreme-weather-observing-animals-and) — PreventionWeb / UNDRR

J. Maîtres navigateurs et transmission du savoir

Encyclopédies en ligne

[Mau Piailug](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mau_Piailug) — Wikipedia

Articles et sites spécialisés

[Pius 'Mau' Piailug, Master Navigator of Micronesia](https://daily.jstor.org/pius-mau-piailug-master-navigator-of-micronesia/) — JSTOR Daily

[Polynesian Wayfinding](https://hokulea.com/polynesian-wayfinding/) — Hōkūleʻa

[Polynesia's Genius Navigators](https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/polynesia-genius-navigators/) — PBS — NOVA

K. Culture Lapita et expansion systématique

Encyclopédies en ligne

[Lapita Culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapita_culture) — Wikipedia

Articles et sites spécialisés

[Lapita People](https://teara.govt.nz/en/pacific-migrations/page-3) — Te Ara — The Encyclopedia of New Zealand

[Lapita Cultural Complex](https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/3205-lapita-cultural-complex) — Science Learning Hub

Articles scientifiques

[Lapita Colonization of the Pacific](https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/662201) — University of Chicago Press — Current Anthropology

Annexe : Ressources institutionnelles et musées

Manuscrits et bibliothèques

SAVAMA-DCI — Sauvegarde et valorisation des manuscrits pour la défense de la culture islamique (Tombouctou)

HMML (Hill Museum & Manuscript Library) — Conservation des manuscrits éthiopiens

SLUB Dresden — Conservation du Codex de Dresde (Maya)

Bibliothèque Ahmad Baba (Tombouctou) — Manuscrits sahéliens

Musées et collections

Musée national de Nouvelle-Zélande Te Papa Tongarewa — Collections māori

Bishop Museum (Honolulu) — Collections polynésiennes

Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History — Cartes à bâtons des Îles Marshall

Cheongju Early Printing Museum (Corée) — Histoire de l'imprimerie à caractères métalliques

Organisations de recherche

SMART (Society of Māori Astronomy Research and Traditions) — Astronomie māori

Polynesian Voyaging Society / Hōkūleʻa — Navigation traditionnelle

Mau Piailug Society — Transmission des traditions micromésiennes

Dernière mise à jour : janvier 2026