Bibliographie — Les Temps Modernes (1492-1789)

Document établi en décembre 2025 à partir des recherches effectuées via Perplexity AI

Dernière mise à jour : janvier 2026

Introduction

Cette bibliographie rassemble les sources consultées pour la rédaction des essais du Projet Avalon consacrés à la période des Temps Modernes (1492-1789). Les références sont organisées par continent et classées selon leur nature : ouvrages, articles académiques et ressources en ligne.

1. Afrique

1.1 Ouvrages

Hunwick, John O. & Boye, Alida J. (2008). The Hidden Treasures of Timbuktu: Historic City of Islamic Africa. Thames & Hudson.

Elias, N., Haidara, I., et al. (2017). The Meanings of Timbuktu. HSRC Press.

Jeppie, Shamil & Diagne, Souleymane Bachir (eds.) (2008). The Meanings of Timbuktu. HSRC Press, Cape Town.

Eglash, Ron (1999). African Fractals: Modern Computing and Indigenous Design. Rutgers University Press.

Zaslavsky, Claudia (1999). Africa Counts: Number and Pattern in African Cultures (3rd ed.). Lawrence Hill Books.

1.2 Articles académiques

Singleton, Brent D. (2004). "African Bibliophiles: Books and Libraries in Medieval Timbuktu". Libraries & Culture, 39(1), 1-12.

Kane, Ousmane (2016). "Beyond Timbuktu: An Intellectual History of Muslim West Africa". Harvard University Press.

Eglash, Ron (2007). "The Fractals at the Heart of African Designs". TED Conference Presentation.

Gerdes, Paulus (2007). "Drawings from Angola: Living Mathematics". Lulu Press.

1.3 Ressources en ligne

Tombouctou Manuscripts Project — [Projet de numérisation des manuscrits](https://www.tombouctoumanuscripts.org/)

The Trans-Saharan Book Trade — [Documentation de la Bibliothèque du Congrès](https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/mali/)

Ahmed Baba Institute (IHERI-AB) — [Institut des Hautes Études et de Recherches Islamiques Ahmed Baba](https://www.iheriab.gov.ml/)

Muslim Heritage — [Articles sur les manuscrits de Tombouctou](https://muslimheritage.com/timbuktu-manuscripts/)

2. Amériques

2.1 Ouvrages

Urton, Gary (2003). Signs of the Inka Khipu: Binary Coding in the Andean Knotted-String Records. University of Texas Press.

Ascher, Marcia & Ascher, Robert (1997). Mathematics of the Incas: Code of the Quipu. Dover Publications.

Maffie, James (2014). Aztec Philosophy: Understanding a World in Motion. University Press of Colorado.

Coe, Michael D. (2012). Breaking the Maya Code (3rd ed.). Thames & Hudson.

León-Portilla, Miguel (1963). Aztec Thought and Culture: A Study of the Ancient Nahuatl Mind. University of Oklahoma Press.

Restall, Matthew (2018). When Montezuma Met Cortés: The True Story of the Meeting that Changed History. Ecco Press.

2.2 Articles académiques

Williams, Barbara J. & Jorge, María del Carmen (2008). "Aztec Arithmetic Revisited: Land-Area Algorithms and Acolhua Congruence Arithmetic". Science, 320(5872), 72-77.

Urton, Gary (2005). "Khipu Archives: Duplicate Accounts and Identity Labels in the Inka Knotted String Records". Latin American Antiquity, 16(2), 147-167.

Closs, Michael P. (1986). Native American Mathematics. University of Texas Press.

Aveni, Anthony F. (2001). "The Madrid Codex: New Approaches to Understanding an Ancient Maya Manuscript". University Press of Colorado.

2.3 Ressources en ligne

Khipu Database Project — [Base de données Harvard sur les quipus](https://khipukamayuq.fas.harvard.edu/)

FAMSI — [Ressources sur les codex mésoaméricains](http://www.famsi.org/)

Aztec Philosophy — [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy](https://iep.utm.edu/aztec/)

Maya Decipherment — [Blog académique sur le déchiffrement maya](https://mayadecipherment.com/)

3. Asie

3.1 Chine et missions jésuites

Ouvrages

Spence, Jonathan D. (1984). The Memory Palace of Matteo Ricci. Viking Press.

Mungello, David E. (1989). Curious Land: Jesuit Accommodation and the Origins of Sinology. University of Hawaii Press.

Jami, Catherine (2012). The Emperor's New Mathematics: Western Learning and Imperial Authority During the Kangxi Reign (1662-1722). Oxford University Press.

Swetz, Frank J. (2012). The Legacy of the Luoshu: The 4000 Year Search for the Meaning of the Magic Square of Order Three. A K Peters/CRC Press.

Needham, Joseph (1959). Science and Civilisation in China, Vol. 3: Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth. Cambridge University Press.

Articles académiques

Mungello, David E. (1977). "Leibniz's Interpretation of Neo-Confucianism". Philosophy East and West, 27(1), 3-22.

Hart, Roger (2013). Imagined Civilizations: China, the West, and Their First Encounter. Johns Hopkins University Press.

Swiderski, Richard M. (1980). "Bouvet and Leibniz: A Scholarly Correspondence". Eighteenth-Century Studies, 14(2), 135-150.

3.2 Japon — École Wasan

Ouvrages

Smith, David Eugene & Mikami, Yoshio (1914). A History of Japanese Mathematics. Open Court Publishing.

Horiuchi, Annick (2010). Japanese Mathematics in the Edo Period (1600-1868): A Study of the Works of Seki Takakazu and Takebe Katahiro. Birkhäuser.

Articles académiques

Ravina, Mark (1993). "Wasan and the Physics that Wasn't: Mathematics in the Tokugawa Period". Monumenta Nipponica, 48(2), 205-224.

Martzloff, Jean-Claude (2006). A History of Chinese Mathematics (revised ed.). Springer.

3.3 Inde — École du Kerala

Ouvrages

Joseph, George Gheverghese (2011). The Crest of the Peacock: Non-European Roots of Mathematics (3rd ed.). Princeton University Press.

Plofker, Kim (2009). Mathematics in India. Princeton University Press.

Rajagopal, C.T. & Rangachari, M.S. (1986). "On Medieval Kerala Mathematics". Archive for History of Exact Sciences, 35(2), 91-99.

Articles académiques

Bressoud, David M. (2002). "Was Calculus Invented in India?". The College Mathematics Journal, 33(1), 2-13.

Raju, C.K. (2007). Cultural Foundations of Mathematics: The Nature of Mathematical Proof and the Transmission of the Calculus from India to Europe in the 16th c. CE. Pearson Longman.

3.4 Ressources en ligne

MacTutor History of Mathematics — [Biographies de mathématiciens](https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/)

Leibniz-Archiv Hannover — [Archives numériques de Leibniz](https://www.gwlb.de/leibniz/)

Encyclopædia Iranica — [Échanges scientifiques Inde-Perse-Chine](https://www.iranicaonline.org/)

4. Europe

4.1 Automates et mécanismes

Ouvrages

Riskin, Jessica (2016). The Restless Clock: A History of the Centuries-Long Argument over What Makes Living Things Tick. University of Chicago Press.

Voskuhl, Adelheid (2013). Androids in the Enlightenment: Mechanics, Artisans, and Cultures of the Self. University of Chicago Press.

Standage, Tom (2002). The Turk: The Life and Times of the Famous Eighteenth-Century Chess-Playing Machine. Walker & Company.

Wood, Gaby (2002). Edison's Eve: A Magical History of the Quest for Mechanical Life. Alfred A. Knopf.

Articles académiques

Schaffer, Simon (1999). "Enlightened Automata". In William Clark, Jan Golinski, and Simon Schaffer (eds.), The Sciences in Enlightened Europe. University of Chicago Press.

Bedini, Silvio A. (1964). "The Role of Automata in the History of Technology". Technology and Culture, 5(1), 24-42.

4.2 Philosophie mécaniste et calcul

Ouvrages

Descartes, René (1637). Discours de la méthode / Discourse on the Method.

Hobbes, Thomas (1651). Leviathan.

Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm. Philosophical Papers and Letters. Edited by Leroy E. Loemker, Springer, 1969.

Davis, Martin (2000). The Universal Computer: The Road from Leibniz to Turing. W.W. Norton.

Swade, Doron (2001). The Difference Engine: Charles Babbage and the Quest to Build the First Computer. Penguin Books.

Articles académiques

Jolley, Nicholas (2005). Leibniz. Routledge.

Antognazza, Maria Rosa (2009). Leibniz: An Intellectual Biography. Cambridge University Press.

Belaval, Yvon (1960). Leibniz critique de Descartes. Gallimard.

4.3 Machines à calculer

Ouvrages

Pascal, Blaise (1645). La Machine d'arithmétique (description de la Pascaline).

Marguin, Jean (1994). Histoire des instruments et machines à calculer. Hermann.

Articles académiques

Jones, Matthew L. (2016). Reckoning with Matter: Calculating Machines, Innovation, and Thinking about Thinking from Pascal to Babbage. University of Chicago Press.

4.4 Ressources en ligne

Museo Galileo, Florence — [Collection d'instruments scientifiques](https://www.museogalileo.it/)

Musée d'Art et d'Histoire, Neuchâtel — [Automates Jaquet-Droz](https://www.mahn.ch/)

Computer History Museum — [Histoire des machines à calculer](https://computerhistory.org/)

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — [Article sur Leibniz](https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/leibniz/)

5. Moyen-Orient

5.1 Empire ottoman

Ouvrages

Ihsanoglu, Ekmeleddin (2004). Science, Technology and Learning in the Ottoman Empire. Ashgate.

Saliba, George (2007). Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance. MIT Press.

Brentjes, Sonja (2010). Travellers from Europe in the Ottoman and Safavid Empires, 16th-17th Centuries. Ashgate.

Articles académiques

Sayili, Aydin (1960). The Observatory in Islam and its Place in the General History of the Observatory. Publications of the Turkish Historical Society.

Morrison, Robert G. (2007). Islam and Science: The Intellectual Career of Nizam al-Din al-Nisaburi. Routledge.

Fazlioğlu, İhsan (2008). "The Samarqand Mathematical–Astronomical School: A Basis for Ottoman Philosophy and Science". Journal for the History of Arabic Science, 14, 3-68.

5.2 Taqi al-Din et l'Observatoire d'Istanbul

Articles académiques

Tekeli, Sevim (1966). "Taqi al-Din's Work on Extracting the Chord 2° and Sin 1°". Proceedings of the Tenth International Congress of History of Science.

King, David A. (2004). In Synchrony with the Heavens: Studies in Astronomical Timekeeping and Instrumentation in Medieval Islamic Civilization. Brill.

Aydüz, Salim (2007). "The Observatory of Taqi al-Din and its Instruments". In Science in Islamic Civilisation, ed. Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu. IRCICA.

5.3 Imprimerie ottomane

Ouvrages

Sabev, Orlin (2006). İbrahim Müteferrika ya da İlk Osmanlı Matbaa Serüveni (1726-1746). Yeditepe Yayınevi.

Gdoura, Wahid (1985). Le Début de l'imprimerie arabe à Istanbul et en Syrie: évolution de l'environnement culturel (1706-1787). Institut supérieur de documentation.

Articles académiques

Roper, Geoffrey (2007). "The Printing Press and Change in the Arab World". In Agent of Change: Print Culture Studies After Elizabeth L. Eisenstein. University of Massachusetts Press.

5.4 Empires safavide et moghol

Ouvrages

Bausani, Alessandro (1971). The Persians, from the Earliest Days to the Twentieth Century. Elek Books.

Habib, Irfan (2001). Technology in Medieval India c. 650-1750. Tulika Books.

Articles académiques

Pingree, David (1999). "Islamic Astronomy in Sanskrit". Journal for the History of Arabic Science, 2, 315-330.

5.5 Ressources en ligne

Muslim Heritage — [Articles sur Taqi al-Din](https://muslimheritage.com/)

Ottoman History Podcast — [Science et technologie ottomanes](https://www.ottomanhistorypodcast.com/)

FSTC — [Ressources sur la science islamique](https://fstc.co.uk/)

6. Océanie

6.1 Navigation polynésienne et Tupaia

Ouvrages

Di Piazza, Anne & Pearthree, Erik (2007). "A New Reading of Tupaia's Chart". The Journal of the Polynesian Society, 116(3), 321-340.

Finney, Ben (1994). Voyage of Rediscovery: A Cultural Odyssey through Polynesia. University of California Press.

Lewis, David (1994). We, the Navigators: The Ancient Art of Landfinding in the Pacific (2nd ed.). University of Hawaii Press.

Salmond, Anne (2003). The Trial of the Cannibal Dog: Captain Cook in the South Seas. Penguin Books.

Articles académiques

Eckstein, Lars & Schwarz, Anja (2019). "The Making of Tupaia's Map: A Story of the Extent and Mastery of Polynesian Navigation". The Journal of Pacific History, 54(1), 1-95.

Druett, Joan (2011). Tupaia: Captain Cook's Polynesian Navigator. Praeger.

6.2 Systèmes de comptage du Pacifique

Ouvrages

Lean, Glendon Angove (1992). Counting Systems of Papua New Guinea and Oceania. PhD thesis, Papua New Guinea University of Technology.

Owens, Kay (2015). Visuospatial Reasoning: An Ecocultural Perspective for Space, Geometry and Measurement Education. Springer.

Articles académiques

Bender, Andrea & Beller, Sieghard (2012). "Nature and Culture of Finger Counting: Diversity and Representational Effects of an Embodied Cognitive Tool". Cognition, 124, 156-182.

Hammarström, Harald (2010). "Rarities in Numeral Systems". In Jan Wohlgemuth & Michael Cysouw (eds.), Rethinking Universals: How Rarities Affect Linguistic Theory. De Gruyter Mouton.

6.3 Impact colonial sur les savoirs traditionnels

Ouvrages

Smith, Linda Tuhiwai (2012). Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples (2nd ed.). Zed Books.

Thomas, Nicholas (2010). Islanders: The Pacific in the Age of Empire. Yale University Press.

Articles académiques

Turnbull, David (2000). Masons, Tricksters and Cartographers: Comparative Studies in the Sociology of Scientific and Indigenous Knowledge. Harwood Academic Publishers.

6.4 Ressources en ligne

Polynesian Voyaging Society — [Navigation traditionnelle polynésienne](https://www.hokulea.com/)

Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand — [Navigation et mathématiques maories](https://teara.govt.nz/)

Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies — [Savoirs traditionnels autochtones](https://aiatsis.gov.au/)

Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute — [Archives sur les cultures du Pacifique](http://www.paclii.org/)

Références transversales

Ouvrages généraux

Needham, Joseph (1954-2004). Science and Civilisation in China (7 volumes). Cambridge University Press.

Joseph, George Gheverghese (2011). The Crest of the Peacock: Non-European Roots of Mathematics (3rd ed.). Princeton University Press.

Katz, Victor J. (ed.) (2007). The Mathematics of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, and Islam: A Sourcebook. Princeton University Press.

Baber, Zaheer (1996). The Science of Empire: Scientific Knowledge, Civilization, and Colonial Rule in India. State University of New York Press.

Articles de synthèse

Rashed, Roshdi (ed.) (1996). Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science (3 volumes). Routledge.

Pyenson, Lewis & Sheets-Pyenson, Susan (1999). Servants of Nature: A History of Scientific Institutions, Enterprises, and Sensibilities. W.W. Norton.

Notes méthodologiques

Cette bibliographie a été constituée à partir de recherches documentaires effectuées via Perplexity AI en novembre-décembre 2025. Les sources ont été vérifiées et complétées par des recherches complémentaires dans les bases de données académiques (JSTOR, Google Scholar, HAL).

Les références sont présentées selon le format auteur-date adapté aux conventions académiques francophones. Les URL des ressources en ligne ont été vérifiées en décembre 2025.